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Lessons that Matter: What should we learn from Asia’s school systems?

19 June 2015 35,468 4 Comments

Executive Summary [full report]

Interest in learning from Asia’s high-performing education systems has grown rapidly in recent years. A flurry of research reports, media stories, and personal accounts of how Asia’s best education systems achieved their superb rankings on international league tables has been produced in the quest to improve education systems around the world (OECD, 2011) (Tucker, 2011) (Tucker, 2014) (Jensen, 2012) (Barber, Donnelly, & Rizvi, 2012). However, most of the popular observations and suggestions fail to point out the most important lessons to be learned from Asia.

The lessons from Asian education systems do not relate to what helped them achieve their high scores on international comparative tests, but to the efforts they have engaged in over the past few decades to transform their educational practices. These efforts are often mistaken for policies and practices designed to produce the high academic performances indicated by international tests, while in reality they are intended to create a different kind of education, an education deemed necessary for cultivating citizens in the twenty-first century.

In other words, what Asia’s high-performing systems have to offer the world is not their past, but the future they intend to create. It is their vision of a new education and the courage to make changes to long-held traditions and cultural practices.

This report is based on studies of reform efforts in Asia’s high-performing education systems, specifically in Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Shanghai, which have been undertaken over the past three decades. This report is not about ‘catching up’ to the Asian school systems in international rankings, for even if we could learn everything and take 10 years to do so (which is next to impossible), in that time the world will have changed so much that a new order of education will be required.

Over the past few decades, these four Asian education systems have engaged in massive reform efforts. Although these efforts have had varying degrees of success, and some have resulted in consequences opposite to their intentions, they represent a strong desire to create education systems that are more fitting for the future. The reform efforts have been characterised by the following:

Expanding definition of education outcomes

All four East Asian systems have been implementing reforms that expand the definition of education outcomes beyond academic performance in a narrow set of subjects. They are targeting skills commonly known as twenty-first century skills such as creativity, communication, collaboration, and higher order thinking skills are what they are after. They are also interested in student social-emotional and physical health.

Improving equity of educational opportunities

All these systems have been working on major reforms to improve equity of opportunity, not just in terms of curriculum and pedagogy, but also and perhaps more important in resources and access.

They are removing regulations and laws that previously purposefully created inequity, challenging the tradition of meritocracy and creating new opportunities.

Loosening central control

These systems (except for Hong Kong) are traditionally centralised, but in recent years they have been gradually loosening central control. Local governments and schools have been granted more autonomy in curriculum, pedagogy and assessment.

De-emphasising testing

These systems have all recognised the dangers of over-testing students and have enacted policies and efforts to reduce the importance of standardised and centrally administered testing.

Transforming pedagogy from knowledge transmission to inquiry-based and constructivist

The Asian systems have engaged in massive efforts to transform pedagogy, to move away from their traditional approach of direct instruction that emphasises knowledge transmission and rote-memorisation toward a constructivist approach that is more student-centred and inquiry-based.

Capitalising on technology

The East Asian education systems have strong future orientation. They are employing emerging information and communication technologies for improving education and developing digital literacies.

Broadening the curriculum

The systems have enacted curriculum reforms to broaden students’ education experiences beyond the traditional academic subjects, while strengthening the core subjects. Stressing moral education, the arts, physical education, and social skills are a common theme of reforms in these systems.

Reducing the academic burden

Policies and actions have been implemented to reduce student academic burdens, to reduce the amount of time devoted to school subjects outside school, and to reduce the pressure of schoolwork.

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4 Comments »

  • Robin said:

    Ironically, these nations, well namely China, also developed civil service exams. Noticeably absent though, is mention of the homogeneous nature of many Asian cultures, whereas we are not a one size fits all, thankfully….

  • Prof. Emeritus F. James Clatworthy said:

    Interesting! Asia is finally exploring progressive education [John Dewey,et. al.]. Will they discover A.S. Neill or the power of “transformational learning”? While Asia moves left the U.S. is moving Right — data driven, accountability by test and a slow decline of public education driven by the Koch brothers and others out to establish an outright oligarchy.

  • Oriental School said:

    The rise of these countries to academic eminence has been rapid, with much of the greatest strides taken in the past 10 years. And they have managed this while maintaining or improving equity, in stark contrast to OECD countries such as the US or UK where children from poorer backgrounds are more likely to drop out or fall behind.

  • Jet Chen said:

    All these changes look well & good. But will these automatically/definitely transform into more/better progress &/or prosperity? Also how can we evaluate creativity objectively? Isn’t it true when Galileo try to promote his Sun centred astronomy against the established Earth centred astronomy, it was viciously opposed? What about the theory of evolution? Didn’t young earth believers still think it’s false? What about the concept of zero? Wasn’t it was viewed as a cipher by the medieval Europeans? What about climate change?

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